Turkish Music: A Rich and Diverse Cultural Heritage
Turkish music is a term that encompasses a wide range of musical genres, styles, and traditions that have developed in Turkey over centuries. Turkey has a unique geographical location that connects Europe, Asia, and Africa, and has been a part of many historical empires and civilizations. As a result, Turkish music has been influenced by various cultures and regions, such as Central Asian, Persian, Arabic, Byzantine, Balkan, Gypsy, Jewish, Kurdish, Armenian, Greek, and more. Today, Turkish music reflects the diversity and dynamism of Turkey's society, as well as its creativity and innovation.
In this article, we will explore some of the main aspects of Turkish music culture, such as its classical, folk, popular, and alternative forms. We will also introduce some of the traditional instruments, composers, performers, genres, and trends that make Turkish music so rich and diverse.
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Turkish Classical Music
Turkish classical music is one of the oldest and most refined forms of Turkish music. It originated from the Ottoman court music that was systematized in the 13th century by the Seljuk Turks who migrated to Anatolia from Central Asia. Ottoman court music was influenced by Persian, Arabic, Byzantine, and other musical traditions, and reached its peak during the 16th to 18th centuries under the patronage of the sultans.
Turkish classical music is based on a complex system of modes or scales called makams, which divide an octave into 72 equal intervals. Each makam has its own melodic pattern, mood, emotion, rules, and repertoire. There are hundreds of makams in Turkish classical music, but not all of them can fit on one instrument. Therefore, each instrument is tuned according to a specific modulation or transposition. Sometimes, performers have to change the tuning while playing to switch between different makams.
Some of the traditional instruments used in Turkish classical music are:
The tambur (or tanbur): a long-necked plucked lute with a pear-shaped body and metal strings.
The ney: an end-blown flute made from a hollow reed with six finger holes.
The kemençe: a bowed fiddle with three or four strings held vertically on the lap.
The oud: a plucked short-necked lute with a round body and no frets.
The kanun: a plucked zither with 75 strings stretched over a trapezoidal wooden board.
The violin: a bowed string instrument with four strings Some of the famous composers and performers of Turkish classical music are:
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Dede Efendi (1778-1846): a prolific composer who created hundreds of works in various makams and forms, such as peşrevs, saz semais, şarkıs, and ilahis.
Hammamizade Ä°smail Dede Efendi (1778-1846): a master of the ney and a composer who contributed to the development of the Ottoman classical music style.
Leyla Saz (1850-1936): a female composer and singer who was one of the first women to perform in public and to be recognized by the Ottoman court.
Münir Nurettin Selçuk (1900-1981): a singer, composer, and musicologist who modernized Turkish classical music and popularized it through radio and records.
Zeki Müren (1931-1996): a singer, composer, poet, and cultural icon who was known as the "Sun of Art" and the "Pasha of Turkish Music". He blended Turkish classical music with pop, rock, and folk elements.
Turkish Folk Music
Turkish folk music is another important aspect of Turkish music culture. It reflects the diversity of Anatolian people, their history, geography, languages, religions, customs, and values. Turkish folk music has been passed down from generation to generation through oral tradition, and has been influenced by various external factors, such as migrations, wars, social movements, and urbanization.
Turkish folk music has many common themes and forms, such as love, longing, sorrow, joy, heroism, satire, humor, morality, and spirituality. Some of the typical forms of Turkish folk music are:
Türkü: a generic term for any folk song with lyrics.
Uzun hava: a long and free-form vocal improvisation that expresses deep emotions.
Bozlak: a type of uzun hava that is sung in a high-pitched voice with melismatic ornaments.
Aşık havası: a type of türkü that is sung by wandering minstrels called aşıks who accompany themselves with a long-necked lute called saz.
Halay: a type of dance music that is played by a group of musicians with various instruments, such as zurna (a double-reed oboe), davul (a large drum), kaval (a rim-blown flute), and baÄŸlama (a type of saz).
Some of the popular artists and groups of Turkish folk music are:
Neşet Ertaş (1938-2012): a legendary aşık and saz player who was known as the "Bozkırın Tezenesi" (The Plectrum of the Steppe). He was a master of the bozlak and aşık havası styles.
Aşık Veysel (1894-1973): a blind aşık and saz player who was one of the most influential figures of Turkish folk music. He composed many poems and songs that expressed his love for nature, humanity, and God.
Selda BaÄŸcan (1948-): a singer, songwriter, and activist who is known as the "Voice of the People". She combines Turkish folk music with psychedelic rock, funk, and electronic elements.
Erkan OÄŸur (1954-): a virtuoso musician who plays various string instruments, such as fretless guitar, kopuz, baÄŸlama, and tanbur. He is a pioneer of the fusion of Turkish folk music with jazz, blues, and classical music.
Kardeş Türküler (1993-): a musical collective that performs folk songs from different regions and ethnic groups of Turkey, such as Kurdish, Armenian, Alevi, Laz, Georgian, and more. They promote cultural diversity and social justice through their music.
Turkish Popular Music
Turkish popular music is a broad category that covers various genres and styles of music that emerged in Turkey in the 20th century. Turkish popular music was influenced by western music, such as pop, rock, jazz, disco, hip hop, and more, as well as by eastern music, such as Arabic, Persian, Indian, and more. Turkish popular music also incorporated elements of Turkish classical and folk music, creating a unique and hybrid sound.
Some of the genres and trends of Turkish popular music are:
Arabesque: a genre that combines Arabic music with Turkish lyrics and themes. It is characterized by emotional vocals, melancholic melodies, and orchestral arrangements. It is popular among the lower-class urban population.
Anatolian rock: a genre that combines Turkish folk music with rock instruments and influences. It is characterized by electric guitars, drums, bass, keyboards, and sometimes traditional instruments. It is popular among the young and educated generation.
Pop: a genre that follows the global trends of pop music with Turkish lyrics and adaptations. It is characterized by catchy hooks, dance beats, synthesizers, and sometimes ethnic elements. It is popular among the mainstream audience.
Fantazi: a genre that mixes Arabesque with pop elements. It is characterized by upbeat rhythms, electronic sounds, romantic lyrics, and sometimes rap or reggae influences. It is popular among the middle-class urban population.
Rap: a genre that originated from the hip hop culture in the US and spread to Turkey in the late 1980s. It is characterized by spoken words over beats, samples, scratches, and sometimes live instruments. It is popular among the youth and subcultures.
Some of the successful and influential stars of Turkish popular music are:
Orhan Gencebay (1944-): a singer, composer, producer, and actor who is known as the "King of Arabesque". He revolutionized the genre by introducing western instruments, modern arrangements, and social themes.
Barış Manço (1943-1999): a singer, songwriter, musician, and TV personality who is known as the "Father of Anatolian Rock". He experimented with various styles of rock, folk, pop, and psychedelic music, and created many hit songs and albums.
Ajda Pekkan (1946-): a singer and actress who is known as the "Superstar of Turkish Pop". She has a long and successful career that spans over six decades, and has performed in many languages and countries.
Tarkan (1972-): a singer and songwriter who is known as the "Prince of Pop". He has a distinctive voice and style that blends pop, rock, folk, and oriental music. He is one of the best-selling Turkish artists of all time.
Ceza (1977-): a rapper and songwriter who is known as the "King of Rap". He is one of the pioneers of Turkish rap music and has collaborated with many local and international artists. He is also known for his social activism and humanitarian work.
Turkish Alternative Music
Turkish alternative music is a term that covers various genres and styles of music that emerged in Turkey in the late 20th century. Turkish alternative music challenges the mainstream and expresses social issues, such as politics, identity, gender, religion, and more. Turkish alternative music also experiments with different musical influences, such as punk, metal, indie, electronic, jazz, folk, and more.
Some of the genres and subcultures of Turkish alternative music are:
Punk: a genre that originated from the UK and US in the 1970s and spread to Turkey in the 1980s. It is characterized by fast, loud, aggressive, and rebellious music that criticizes the establishment and society.
Metal: a genre that originated from the UK and US in the late 1960s and early 1970s and spread to Turkey in the 1980s. It is characterized by heavy, distorted, powerful, and complex music that explores themes such as death, violence, war, and fantasy.
Indie: a genre that originated from the UK and US in the 1980s and spread to Turkey in the 1990s. It is characterized by independent, creative, diverse, and DIY music that rejects commercialism and mainstream trends.
Electronic: a genre that originated from various countries in the late 20th century and spread to Turkey in the 1990s. It is characterized by synthetic, digital, experimental, and danceable music that uses computers, keyboards, samplers, drum machines, and other electronic devices.
Jazz: a genre that originated from the US in the early 20th century and spread to Turkey in the mid-20th century. It is characterized by improvisational, rhythmic, harmonic, and expressive music that uses instruments such as saxophone, trumpet, piano, bass, drums, and more.
Some of the innovative and creative artists of Turkish alternative music are:
Mor ve Ötesi (1995-): a rock band that combines alternative, indie, and progressive rock elements. They are known for their social and political lyrics and their participation in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2008.
Baba Zula (1996-): a psychedelic folk band that mixes traditional Turkish instruments, such as saz, darbuka, and spoons, with electronic sounds, dub effects, and vocals. They are known for their experimental and theatrical performances and their collaborations with various artists.
Mercan Dede (1966-): a musician, composer, DJ, and producer who fuses Turkish sufi music with electronic, ambient, world, and jazz music. He is known for his spiritual and mystical approach and his use of the ney and the kanun.
Gayesu Akyol (1985-): a singer, songwriter, and guitarist who blends Turkish folk music with psychedelic rock, surf rock, and post-punk music. She is known for her feminist and anti-authoritarian lyrics and her retro-futuristic style.
Islandman (2014-): a musical project that creates electronic music with influences from Anatolian, Mediterranean, African, and Asian music. They are known for their hypnotic and atmospheric soundscapes and their live shows with visuals.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Turkish music is a rich and diverse cultural heritage that reflects the history, geography, society, and creativity of Turkey. Turkish music has many forms and genres, such as classical, folk, popular, and alternative music, that offer a variety of musical experiences and expressions. Turkish music is also constantly evolving and innovating, as it interacts with different musical influences and trends from around the world.
If you are interested in Turkish music and want to explore more about it, you can listen to some of the artists and songs mentioned in this article. You can also download Turkish music mp3 files from various websites and platforms that offer legal and high-quality downloads. Some of these websites are:
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FAQs
What is the difference between makam and mode?
A makam is a system of modes or scales used in Turkish classical music. A mode is a type of makam that has a specific melodic pattern, mood, emotion, rules, and repertoire. There are hundreds of modes in Turkish classical music.
What is the difference between saz and baÄŸlama?
Saz is a generic term for any long-necked plucked lute used in Turkish folk music. Bağlama is a type of saz that has three courses of strings (two double strings and one single string) tuned in fourths or fifths. Bağlama is the most common saz used by aşıks.
What is the difference between Arabesque and Fantazi?
Arabesque is a genre of Turkish popular music that combines Arabic music with Turkish lyrics and themes. Fantazi is a genre of Turkish popular music that mixes Arabesque with pop elements. Fantazi is more upbeat, electronic, romantic, and sometimes rap or reggae influenced than Arabesque.
What is the difference between Anatolian rock and psychedelic folk?
Anatolian rock is a genre of Turkish popular music that combines Turkish folk music with rock instruments and influences. Psychedelic folk is a genre of Turkish alternative music that mixes traditional Turkish instruments with electronic sounds, dub effects, and vocals. Psychedelic folk is more experimental, theatrical, and mystical than Anatolian rock.
What is the difference between sufi music and sufi music and ney music?
Sufi music is a type of music that is used for spiritual and mystical purposes by the followers of Sufism, a branch of Islam that emphasizes the inner and personal connection with God. Ney music is a type of sufi music that features the ney, an end-blown flute made from a hollow reed. Ney music is considered to be one of the most expressive and soulful forms of sufi music.
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